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| A. General Color Information | B. Color Science/Theory | C. Color and Computers |
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| C1. Color and Computers |
| C2. Color Quantization |
| C3. Palettes |
| Bibliography |
efg's Technical
Book Store: See bibliography section on General Color Info page or Color Science page. |
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| Calibration/ Color Management | Also see: - ICC Profiles - Integrated Color Management (ICM) by Microsoft - ColorSync by Apple Gernot Hoffman's Hardware Monitor Calibration Color Management Targetbezogene True-Color-Kalibrierung Colour Calibration for Colour Reproduction Colour Calibration for Colour Reproduction Displaymate Demos and Test Patterns Color and Display Measurements Monitor Calibration. A Novel Method for Colorimetric Calibration of Color Digitizing Scanners Kodak Q-60 Color Input Targets Accurate Image Manipulation for Desktops by Timo Autiokari "Web Color Calibration" by Lynda Wienman in Web Techniques (www.webtechniques.com), November 1998, pp. 18-21. www.webtechniques.com/archives/1998/11/desi A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB. Colorspace Interchange Using sRGB Monitor Calibration (English/Spanish) Monitor Calibration |
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| Chroma Keying | Chroma Keying (using MMX Technology) Also see General Color Info page |
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| Color Blindness | Color Blindness on the General Color Info page | ||||||||||||||||||
| Color Conversion | Color Conversion on the Color Science page | ||||||||||||||||||
| Color Correction | Reiner Lenz, et al, "Spectral-Based
Illumination Estimation and Color Correction", Color Research and Application, Vol 24, No 2, April 1999, pp. 98-111 |
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| Color Fringing | Eliminating color fringing (lateral chromatic
aberration) www.normankoren.com/Tutorials/Chromatic.html |
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| Color Management | Also see: - Color Calibration - ICC Profiles - Integrated Color Management (ICM) by Microsoft - ColorSync by Apple Color Management: Current
Practice and The Adoption of a New Standard Color Management Systems |
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| ColorSync | ColorSync: The Standard for
Color |
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| Computer Graphics |
True Color: 16 and 32 Bits-Per-Pel Bitmap Formats |
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| Computer Interfaces | Effective
Color Contrast -- Designing for People with Partial Sight and Color
Deficiencies Techniques & Tools for Using Color In Computer Interface Design |
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| Conferences |
See Conferences on General Color Info page |
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| Conversions | See Color Conversion on Color Science/Theory page | ||||||||||||||||||
| Contrast | Effective Color Contrast -- Designing
for People with Partial Sight and Color Deficiencies www.lighthouse.org/color_contrast.htm Paola Campadelli, "An Algorithm for the Selection of High-Contrast
Color Sets," |
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| Evaluating Performance | Mei-Chun Lo et al, "Evaluating Colour
Models' Performance between Monitor and Print Images," Color Research and Application, Vol 21, No 4, August 1996, pp. 277-291 |
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| False Colors | Why Should Engineers and Scientists Be
Worried About Color?
discusses problems with "rainbow" colormap; nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
data; hue is not a good dimension for encoding magnitude information; luminance and
saturation colormaps are better for representing continuous variations in data magnitude.
www.research.ibm.com/people/l/lloydt/color/color.HTM
Color by Numbers -- Using Color to Visualize Data, [Fortner97, Chapter 11] Gernot Hoffman's Balanced Palettes Color Waves: A Simple Heuristic for Choosing False Colors Section 4.6.3 Pseudo-color Image Processing, pp. 237-245 Colour Rendering of Spectra Spectra -- wavelength to RGB, Chromaticity Diagram, Blackbody Radiation (excellent)
FractInt (a program to create fractals) has a number of colors maps that may be useful for false color sets. Try Jacco's Colormap files for users of Fractint. I used Jacco's color maps in my Cycle Colors Lab Report. Colour Ramping for Data Visualisation Richard Franzen's UseNet Post explaining "PseudoGrey," which is used to encode more than 8 bits of greyscale within a 24-bit color image. Using the technique, exactly 1,786 levels of grey can be encoded and decoded. The PseudoGrey page. |
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| FAQs | See on FAQs General Color Info page | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gamma Correction |
What you need to know about gamma (near bottom
of page) Gernot Hoffman's Hardware Monitor Calibration Monitor adjustment and gamma Directions for How To Find Display Gamma What is Gamma Correction? Charles Poynton's Gamma FAQ and Color FAQ, www.poynton.com Gamma Correction (for Simulation). Gamma correction is essential for
good quality image generation. Angus examines the problems associated with gamma
correction, focusing on why it is important to simulation in particular. Dr.
Dobb's Journal, Sept. 1999, pp. 30-37 Implementing Gamma Ramp Support in a Microsoft Windows Display Driver Gamma Calibration Chart Gamma: how it affects image quality Computer Graphics Principles and Practice, pp. 564-568 Gamma Correction: Correcting for monitor non-linearity Gamma Chart About Gamma Correction sRGB Proposal (by Microsoft and HP). A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB |
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| Grays/Greys | 8-bits allows 256 shades of gray. In
Windows in 256-color mode, 20 colors are "reserved" for display
of icons, panels, etc., so only 236 colors are possible.
When using 24-bit color graphics, the shades of gray are represented by RGB(i, i, i), where i = 0..255. This means there are only 256-shades of gray even with 24-bit color. Perceptually Optimized Grayscales Richard Franzen's UseNet Post explaining "PseudoGrey," which is used to encode more than 8 bits of greyscale within a 24-bit color image. Using the technique, exactly 1,786 levels of grey can be encoded and decoded. The PseudoGrey page. DICOM Grayscale Standard Display Function |
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| Halftones and Scanning | Computer Graphics
Principles and Practice, pp. 568-573 Digital Halftones, [Fortner97, pp. 160-171]] |
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| ICC Profiles |
International Color Consortium (ICC) Kodak ColorFlow ICC API Suite Spec ICC.1:1998-09, File Format for Color Profiles (PDF file - 797 kb) Document ICC.1A:1999-04, Addendum 2 to Spec. ICC.1:1998-09 (PDF file - 32 kb) ICC C Header File |
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| Integrated Color Management (ICM) by Microsoft | Also, see Color Calibration/Management
above for sRGB information and ICC above for ICM information.
WinColorKit: Windows Color Quality Test Kit for Device OEMs Color Management and Microsoft Windows Operating Systems Introduction to Color Management in Windows Marti Maria's UseNet Post about how to calculate rXYZ gXYZ bXYZ values for a monitor ICM file |
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| LCDs | LCD chromaticity coordinates as a function of ambient
temperature for CyberDisplay
active-matrix LCD:
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| Neugebauer Equations | "The Neugebauer equations are considered
the basic physical model for printing systems." Marc Mahy and Paul Delabastita, "Inversion of the Neugebauer Equations," Color Research and Application, Vol 21, No 6, pp. 404-411 Isaac Amidror and Roger D. Hersch, "Neugebauer and Demichel: Dependence and Independence in n-Screen Superpositions for Colour Printing," Color Research and Application, Vol 25, No 4, August 2000, pp. 267-277 |
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| Phosphors | |||||||||||||||||||
| Printing & Publishing |
Specifications for Web Offset Publications (SWOP)
Specifications A Suggested Method for Computing Colorimetric Densities Colorant Selection for Six-Color Lithographic Printing |
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| Pseudo Colors | See False Colors | ||||||||||||||||||
| "Red Eye" | Automatic
Red-Eye Detection and Correction
John Carey's UseNet Post about
"red eye" effect removal. Towards automatic redeye effect removal, Pattern Recognition Letters, (24)11: 1767-1785, July 2003. |
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| Reproduction |
Color Reproduction Algorithms and Intent Color Reproduction -- The Basics Reproducing Colors -- Technologies |
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| Restoration | See Restoration on efg's Image Processing Algorithms page | ||||||||||||||||||
| Segmentation | Color
Image Segmentation (with C++ code) Also see Segmentation on efg's Image Processing Algorithms page |
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| Software |
Color, image analysis, quality control, process control, quantification of visual parameters. Color Analysis Technology. www.dimac-imaging.com Munsell Conversion Program: The Munsell to XYZ to Lab to RGB to CMYK Conversion program can be found at www.munsell.com/Download.htm |
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| Web Colors | "Color documents in the
Internet era" from The Industrial Physicist The Web Wheel Which Color Palette? Optimizing Web
Graphics Color Calibration and a Web Color Primer Optimizing Colors for the Web Avoiding Dithering Colors in Netscape Browser safe color palette Color Matters A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB Improved Color for the World Wide Web Netscape: The Dithering Murphy's Colour Palette
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| White-Point Conversion | pp. 17-21, Color Technology for Electronic Imaging Devices by Henry R. Kang |
| Balanced Palettes | Gernot Hoffman's Balanced Palettes www.fho-emden.de/~hoffmann/palette30082003.pdf |
| Color Image Quantization for Frame Buffer Display | Paul Heckbert's thesis at MIT: www.cs.cmu.edu/~ph/ciq_thesis |
| Color Multithresholding | (Color Reduction) http://ipml.ee.duth.gr/~papamark/Thresholding.html |
| Color Quantization Bibliography | I. Ashdown's ftp://ftp.ledalite.com/pub/cquant97.bib |
| Color Reduction | Color Reduction Basics www.geocities.com/CollegePark/9315/fade/fadeoalg.htm Adaptive Color Reduction |
| Dithering | See efg's Image Processing Reference Library Algorithms page |
| Few Good Colors | www.gamasutra.com/features/visual_arts/061997/a_few_good_colors.htm |
| Gervautz-Purgathofer Octree Color Quantization algorithm
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"Wicked Code," by Jeff Prosise in the October 1997 Microsoft
Systems Journal. www.microsoft.com/msj/1097/wicked1097.htm
Also see efg's ShowDemoOne or ShowDemoMany Lab Reports for Delphi implementations of this code. |
| ImageMagick's color reduction algorithm | www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemnet/use/suppl/imagemagick/www/quantize.html |
| NeuQuant: Fast High-Quality Image Quantization | www.ozemail.com.au/~dekker/NEUQUANT.HTML |
| Octree Color Quantization | |
| Octree Color Quantization | By I. Ashdown, C/C++ Users Journal, 13(3):31-44.
Includes good article (in Microsoft Word) about algorithm. Code here shows how to reduce
24-bit bitmap to 8-bit bitmap using optimized palette. Also see Color Quantization
Bibliography (above). ftp://ftp.ledalite.com/pub/octree.zip The source code is also available at: |
| PV3 | Free Windows application for 24-to-8 bit conversion, dithered or not, from
Pegasus Imaging. ftp://jpg.com/PV3.EXE. Jack Berlin's post about this program. |
| Quantizers | Benny's Quantizers (DL, Median Cut, Wu, Neuquant, CC) www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Program/8979/color/index.htm |
| Quantization and dithering | Phil McRevis' UseNet Post with suggestion on best approach to reduce 24-bit pixels to 15-/16-bit pixels using Floyd-Steinberg dithering |
| Spatial Quantization | Spatial Quantization of Color Images http://www-dbv.informatik.uni-bonn.de/quant |
| Browser Safe Palette | by Victor Engel The no-dither Netscape color palette. 6 x 6 x 6 Color Palette (216 colors). http://the-light.com/netcol.html 16x16x16
Color Palette (4096 Colors) |
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| Combine pf4Bit Bitmaps |
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| Delphi-Specific Palette Information | Color Section
of efg's Delphi Graphics Algorithms Page efg's Scanline Tech Note |
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| DIBLOOK | Illustrates the Use of DIBs and Color Palettes http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/devprods/vs6/visualc/vcsample/_sample_mfc_diblook.htm |
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| FADEIN | Sample App Uses Palette Animation & Identity Palettes http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q149/8/55.asp |
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| Microsoft Windows Palette Manager | www.compuphase.com/palette.htm | ||
| PALDEMO1 | A tutorial program by Eric Engler that shows you how to handle Windows palette messages in a 256 color screen mode. Delphi 1. www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Network/2114 | ||
| Palette Animation Demo | By Ray Lischner in Delphi. Look for pal10.zip at www.tempest-sw.com/freeware |
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| Palette Lab | efg's Palette Lab Report | ||
| Palette Manager: How and Why It Does What It Does | http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q137/3/72.asp | ||
| Palette Utilization Demonstration | http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q97/3/52.asp | ||
| Palettes Made Plain -- Demystifying Microsoft Windows Palettes | By Ray Lischner in the July 1998 Delphi Informant, pp. 34-43. Excellent article explaining basics of Windows palettes. Shows gradient palette and palette animation demo. | ||
| Palettes Self-Study Module | Microsoft's Palettes Self-Study Module: "... many, if not most, devices are not palette capable. Low-end devices such as VGA just can't display enough colors at one time to be palette "aware." High-end devices can display so many colors that they don't need to be palette aware. These factors severely limit the market for applications reliant on palette manipulation." | ||
| Pegasus Color Reduction and Dithering Techniques. | Freeware program includes mapping to selected palette or
number of colors. ftp://pegasusimaging.com/pub/PV3.EXE |
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| PixelFormats and Palettes | Siggraph '97 OpenGL and Window System
Integration www.xmission.com/~nate/siggraph97/notes/pixlfrmt.htm |
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| Safety Palette | http://msdn.microsoft.com/workshop/design/color/safety.asp
Color Picker |
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| Simulating Palette Animation on Non-Palette Displays | http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q130/4/76.asp
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| Using Device-Independent Bitmaps and Palettes | http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q72/0/41.ASP |
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Updated
10 October 2007
since
10 Sept 1998
